As most natural elements become denser when they freeze, water behaves differently. When it reaches its freezing point of 32°F, it expands and becomes less dense, causing ice to float and allowing warmer water to sink. This unique property enables aquatic life to survive beneath ice during winter.

Kansas State University fisheries and aquatics expert Joe Gerken explains that many species are adapted to survive in colder conditions. For instance, fish move to deeper waters where the densest, warmest water remains below the ice. Amphibians and reptiles, like salamanders and turtles, seek refuge at the bottom of ponds or streams.

In places like Antarctica, some fish have evolved antifreeze proteins to survive subfreezing waters. Additionally, reptiles and amphibians enter brumation, a hibernation-like state that drastically slows their metabolism. Turtles even practice cloacal breathing to get oxygen while submerged in cold water. As temperatures rise in spring, these animals wake up, start feeding, and prepare for breeding.

More information about animals and their winter habits is available online through K-State Extension Wildlife Management.